分割球面上的流形学习方法#

不同的应用流形学习球形数据集上的技术。在这里，人们可以看到使用降维来获得有关多元学习方法的一些直觉。对于数据集，极点是从球体上切下的，以及从球体侧面切下的一片薄片。这使得多种学习技术能够“展开”，同时将其投影到两个维度上。

有关方法应用于S曲线数据集的类似示例，请参阅多种学习方法的比较

请注意， MDS 是找到数据的低维表示（这里是2D），其中距离很好地尊重原始多维空间中的距离，与其他manifold学习算法不同的是，它不会在低维空间中寻求数据的各向同性表示。这里的多重问题与表示地球平面地图的问题相当相似，就像 map projection

Manifold Learning with 1000 points, 10 neighbors, LLE (0.041 sec), LTSA (0.65 sec), Hessian LLE (0.46 sec), Modified LLE (0.91 sec), Isomap (0.21 sec), MDS (0.65 sec), Spectral Embedding (0.051 sec), t-SNE (2.7 sec)

standard: 0.041 sec
ltsa: 0.65 sec
hessian: 0.46 sec
modified: 0.91 sec
ISO: 0.21 sec
MDS: 0.65 sec
Spectral Embedding: 0.051 sec
t-SNE: 2.7 sec

# Authors: The scikit-learn developers
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

from time import time

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Unused but required import for doing 3d projections with matplotlib < 3.2
import mpl_toolkits.mplot3d  # noqa: F401
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.ticker import NullFormatter

from sklearn import manifold
from sklearn.utils import check_random_state

# Variables for manifold learning.
n_neighbors = 10
n_samples = 1000

# Create our sphere.
random_state = check_random_state(0)
p = random_state.rand(n_samples) * (2 * np.pi - 0.55)
t = random_state.rand(n_samples) * np.pi

# Sever the poles from the sphere.
indices = (t < (np.pi - (np.pi / 8))) & (t > (np.pi / 8))
colors = p[indices]
x, y, z = (
    np.sin(t[indices]) * np.cos(p[indices]),
    np.sin(t[indices]) * np.sin(p[indices]),
    np.cos(t[indices]),
)

# Plot our dataset.
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
plt.suptitle(
    "Manifold Learning with %i points, %i neighbors" % (1000, n_neighbors), fontsize=14
)

ax = fig.add_subplot(251, projection="3d")
ax.scatter(x, y, z, c=p[indices], cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
ax.view_init(40, -10)

sphere_data = np.array([x, y, z]).T

# Perform Locally Linear Embedding Manifold learning
methods = ["standard", "ltsa", "hessian", "modified"]
labels = ["LLE", "LTSA", "Hessian LLE", "Modified LLE"]

for i, method in enumerate(methods):
    t0 = time()
    trans_data = (
        manifold.LocallyLinearEmbedding(
            n_neighbors=n_neighbors, n_components=2, method=method, random_state=42
        )
        .fit_transform(sphere_data)
        .T
    )
    t1 = time()
    print("%s: %.2g sec" % (methods[i], t1 - t0))

    ax = fig.add_subplot(252 + i)
    plt.scatter(trans_data[0], trans_data[1], c=colors, cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
    plt.title("%s (%.2g sec)" % (labels[i], t1 - t0))
    ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
    ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
    plt.axis("tight")

# Perform Isomap Manifold learning.
t0 = time()
trans_data = (
    manifold.Isomap(n_neighbors=n_neighbors, n_components=2)
    .fit_transform(sphere_data)
    .T
)
t1 = time()
print("%s: %.2g sec" % ("ISO", t1 - t0))

ax = fig.add_subplot(257)
plt.scatter(trans_data[0], trans_data[1], c=colors, cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
plt.title("%s (%.2g sec)" % ("Isomap", t1 - t0))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
plt.axis("tight")

# Perform Multi-dimensional scaling.
t0 = time()
mds = manifold.MDS(2, max_iter=100, n_init=1, random_state=42)
trans_data = mds.fit_transform(sphere_data).T
t1 = time()
print("MDS: %.2g sec" % (t1 - t0))

ax = fig.add_subplot(258)
plt.scatter(trans_data[0], trans_data[1], c=colors, cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
plt.title("MDS (%.2g sec)" % (t1 - t0))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
plt.axis("tight")

# Perform Spectral Embedding.
t0 = time()
se = manifold.SpectralEmbedding(
    n_components=2, n_neighbors=n_neighbors, random_state=42
)
trans_data = se.fit_transform(sphere_data).T
t1 = time()
print("Spectral Embedding: %.2g sec" % (t1 - t0))

ax = fig.add_subplot(259)
plt.scatter(trans_data[0], trans_data[1], c=colors, cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
plt.title("Spectral Embedding (%.2g sec)" % (t1 - t0))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
plt.axis("tight")

# Perform t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding.
t0 = time()
tsne = manifold.TSNE(n_components=2, random_state=0)
trans_data = tsne.fit_transform(sphere_data).T
t1 = time()
print("t-SNE: %.2g sec" % (t1 - t0))

ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 5, 10)
plt.scatter(trans_data[0], trans_data[1], c=colors, cmap=plt.cm.rainbow)
plt.title("t-SNE (%.2g sec)" % (t1 - t0))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(NullFormatter())
plt.axis("tight")

plt.show()

Total running time of the script: （0分6.111秒）