创建深度优先迷宫#
maze_depth_first.py#
1"""
2Create a maze using a depth-first search maze generation algorithm.
3For more information on this algorithm see:
4https://www.algosome.com/articles/maze-generation-depth-first.html
5...or search up some other examples.
6
7Artwork from https://kenney.nl
8
9If Python and Arcade are installed, this example can be run from the command line with:
10python -m arcade.examples.maze_depth_first
11"""
12import random
13import arcade
14import timeit
15
16NATIVE_SPRITE_SIZE = 128
17SPRITE_SCALING = 0.25
18SPRITE_SIZE = int(NATIVE_SPRITE_SIZE * SPRITE_SCALING)
19
20SCREEN_WIDTH = 1000
21SCREEN_HEIGHT = 700
22SCREEN_TITLE = "Maze Depth First Example"
23
24MOVEMENT_SPEED = 8
25
26TILE_EMPTY = 0
27TILE_CRATE = 1
28
29# Maze must have an ODD number of rows and columns.
30# Walls go on EVEN rows/columns.
31# Openings go on ODD rows/columns
32MAZE_HEIGHT = 51
33MAZE_WIDTH = 51
34
35MERGE_SPRITES = True
36
37# How many pixels to keep as a minimum margin between the character
38# and the edge of the screen.
39VIEWPORT_MARGIN = 200
40
41
42def _create_grid_with_cells(width, height):
43 """ Create a grid with empty cells on odd row/column combinations. """
44 grid = []
45 for row in range(height):
46 grid.append([])
47 for column in range(width):
48 if column % 2 == 1 and row % 2 == 1:
49 grid[row].append(TILE_EMPTY)
50 elif column == 0 or row == 0 or column == width - 1 or row == height - 1:
51 grid[row].append(TILE_CRATE)
52 else:
53 grid[row].append(TILE_CRATE)
54 return grid
55
56
57def make_maze_depth_first(maze_width, maze_height):
58 maze = _create_grid_with_cells(maze_width, maze_height)
59
60 w = (len(maze[0]) - 1) // 2
61 h = (len(maze) - 1) // 2
62 vis = [[0] * w + [1] for _ in range(h)] + [[1] * (w + 1)]
63
64 def walk(x: int, y: int):
65 vis[y][x] = 1
66
67 d = [(x - 1, y), (x, y + 1), (x + 1, y), (x, y - 1)]
68 random.shuffle(d)
69 for (xx, yy) in d:
70 if vis[yy][xx]:
71 continue
72 if xx == x:
73 maze[max(y, yy) * 2][x * 2 + 1] = TILE_EMPTY
74 if yy == y:
75 maze[y * 2 + 1][max(x, xx) * 2] = TILE_EMPTY
76
77 walk(xx, yy)
78
79 walk(random.randrange(w), random.randrange(h))
80
81 return maze
82
83
84class MyGame(arcade.Window):
85 """ Main application class. """
86
87 def __init__(self, width, height, title):
88 """
89 Initializer
90 """
91 super().__init__(width, height, title)
92
93 # Sprite lists
94 self.player_list = None
95 self.wall_list = None
96
97 # Player info
98 self.score = 0
99 self.player_sprite = None
100
101 # Physics engine
102 self.physics_engine = None
103
104 # Camera for scrolling
105 self.cam = None
106
107 # Time to process
108 self.processing_time = 0
109 self.draw_time = 0
110
111 def setup(self):
112 """ Set up the game and initialize the variables. """
113
114 # Sprite lists
115 self.player_list = arcade.SpriteList()
116 self.wall_list = arcade.SpriteList()
117
118 self.score = 0
119
120 # Create the maze
121 maze = make_maze_depth_first(MAZE_WIDTH, MAZE_HEIGHT)
122
123 # Create sprites based on 2D grid
124 if not MERGE_SPRITES:
125 # This is the simple-to-understand method. Each grid location
126 # is a sprite.
127 for row in range(MAZE_HEIGHT):
128 for column in range(MAZE_WIDTH):
129 if maze[row][column] == 1:
130 wall = arcade.Sprite(":resources:images/tiles/grassCenter.png", scale=SPRITE_SCALING)
131 wall.center_x = column * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
132 wall.center_y = row * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
133 self.wall_list.append(wall)
134 else:
135 # This uses new Arcade 1.3.1 features, that allow me to create a
136 # larger sprite with a repeating texture. So if there are multiple
137 # cells in a row with a wall, we merge them into one sprite, with a
138 # repeating texture for each cell. This reduces our sprite count.
139 for row in range(MAZE_HEIGHT):
140 column = 0
141 while column < len(maze):
142 while column < len(maze) and maze[row][column] == 0:
143 column += 1
144 start_column = column
145 while column < len(maze) and maze[row][column] == 1:
146 column += 1
147 end_column = column - 1
148
149 column_count = end_column - start_column + 1
150 column_mid = (start_column + end_column) / 2
151
152 wall = arcade.Sprite(":resources:images/tiles/grassCenter.png", scale=SPRITE_SCALING)
153 wall.center_x = column_mid * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
154 wall.center_y = row * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
155 wall.width = SPRITE_SIZE * column_count
156 self.wall_list.append(wall)
157
158 # Set up the player
159 self.player_sprite = arcade.Sprite(
160 ":resources:images/animated_characters/female_person/femalePerson_idle.png",
161 scale=SPRITE_SCALING)
162 self.player_list.append(self.player_sprite)
163
164 # Randomly place the player. If we are in a wall, repeat until we aren't.
165 placed = False
166 while not placed:
167
168 # Randomly position
169 self.player_sprite.center_x = random.randrange(MAZE_WIDTH * SPRITE_SIZE)
170 self.player_sprite.center_y = random.randrange(MAZE_HEIGHT * SPRITE_SIZE)
171
172 # Are we in a wall?
173 walls_hit = arcade.check_for_collision_with_list(self.player_sprite, self.wall_list)
174 if len(walls_hit) == 0:
175 # Not in a wall! Success!
176 placed = True
177
178 self.physics_engine = arcade.PhysicsEngineSimple(self.player_sprite, self.wall_list)
179
180 # Set the background color
181 self.background_color = arcade.color.AMAZON
182
183 # Setup Camera
184 self.cam = arcade.camera.Camera2D()
185
186 def on_draw(self):
187 """
188 Render the screen.
189 """
190
191 # This command has to happen before we start drawing
192 self.clear()
193
194 # Start timing how long this takes
195 draw_start_time = timeit.default_timer()
196
197 # Draw all the sprites.
198 self.wall_list.draw()
199 self.player_list.draw()
200
201 # Draw info on the screen
202 sprite_count = len(self.wall_list)
203
204 output = f"Sprite Count: {sprite_count}"
205 arcade.draw_text(output,
206 self.cam.left + 20,
207 SCREEN_HEIGHT - 20 + self.cam.bottom,
208 arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
209
210 output = f"Drawing time: {self.draw_time:.3f}"
211 arcade.draw_text(output,
212 self.cam.left + 20,
213 SCREEN_HEIGHT - 40 + self.cam.bottom,
214 arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
215
216 output = f"Processing time: {self.processing_time:.3f}"
217 arcade.draw_text(output,
218 self.cam.left + 20,
219 SCREEN_HEIGHT - 60 + self.cam.bottom,
220 arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
221
222 self.draw_time = timeit.default_timer() - draw_start_time
223
224 def on_key_press(self, key, modifiers):
225 """Called whenever a key is pressed. """
226
227 if key == arcade.key.UP:
228 self.player_sprite.change_y = MOVEMENT_SPEED
229 elif key == arcade.key.DOWN:
230 self.player_sprite.change_y = -MOVEMENT_SPEED
231 elif key == arcade.key.LEFT:
232 self.player_sprite.change_x = -MOVEMENT_SPEED
233 elif key == arcade.key.RIGHT:
234 self.player_sprite.change_x = MOVEMENT_SPEED
235
236 def on_key_release(self, key, modifiers):
237 """Called when the user releases a key. """
238
239 if key == arcade.key.UP or key == arcade.key.DOWN:
240 self.player_sprite.change_y = 0
241 elif key == arcade.key.LEFT or key == arcade.key.RIGHT:
242 self.player_sprite.change_x = 0
243
244 def on_update(self, delta_time):
245 """ Movement and game logic """
246
247 start_time = timeit.default_timer()
248
249 # Call update on all sprites (The sprites don't do much in this
250 # example though.)
251 self.physics_engine.update()
252
253 # --- Manage Scrolling ---
254
255 # Keep track of if we changed the boundary. We don't want to
256 # update the camera if we don't need to.
257 changed = False
258
259 # Scroll left
260 left_boundary = self.cam.left + VIEWPORT_MARGIN
261 if self.player_sprite.left < left_boundary:
262 self.cam.left -= left_boundary - self.player_sprite.left
263 changed = True
264
265 # Scroll right
266 right_boundary = self.cam.right - VIEWPORT_MARGIN
267 if self.player_sprite.right > right_boundary:
268 self.cam.right += self.player_sprite.right - right_boundary
269 changed = True
270
271 # Scroll up
272 top_boundary = self.cam.top - VIEWPORT_MARGIN
273 if self.player_sprite.top > top_boundary:
274 self.cam.top += self.player_sprite.top - top_boundary
275 changed = True
276
277 # Scroll down
278 bottom_boundary = self.cam.bottom + VIEWPORT_MARGIN
279 if self.player_sprite.bottom < bottom_boundary:
280 self.cam.bottom -= bottom_boundary - self.player_sprite.bottom
281 changed = True
282
283 # If we changed the boundary values, update the view port to match
284 if changed:
285 # Make sure our boundaries are integer values. While the view port does
286 # support floating point numbers, for this application we want every pixel
287 # in the view port to map directly onto a pixel on the screen. We don't want
288 # any rounding errors.
289 self.cam.left = int(self.cam.left)
290 self.cam.bottom = int(self.cam.bottom)
291
292 self.cam.use()
293
294 # Save the time it took to do this.
295 self.processing_time = timeit.default_timer() - start_time
296
297
298def main():
299 """ Main function """
300 window = MyGame(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, SCREEN_TITLE)
301 window.setup()
302 arcade.run()
303
304
305if __name__ == "__main__":
306 main()