>>> from env_helper import info; info()
页面更新时间： 2023-06-23 10:01:17
运行环境：
Linux发行版本: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)
操作系统内核: Linux-6.1.0-9-amd64-x86_64-with-glibc2.36
Python版本: 3.11.2
2.2. 开始使用GDAL¶
2.2.1. 导入GDAL¶
在Python中使用GDAL，只需要导入 gdal 模块。
在早期的版本（1.5以前）中，GDAL是使用 import gdal 语句导入。
但是后来GDAL成为OSGEO的子项目后，对代码进行了重新组织。 在 GDAL RFC 17号文件 中， 实现了Python的新的名称空间osgeo， 并将gdal与ogr都包含在这个名称空间之下。
RFC(Request For Comments)，意即“请求评议”，一系列以编号排定的文件。 当某家机构或团体开发出了一套标准或提出对某种标准的设想，想要征询外界的意见时， 就会在Internet上发放一份RFC，对这一问题感兴趣的人可以阅读该RFC并提出自己的意见。
但是后来GDAL成为OSGEO的子项目后，对代码进行了重新组织。 在 RFC 17号文件中， 实现了Python的新的名称空间osgeo， 并将gdal与ogr都包含在这个名称空间之下。 现在推荐使用下面的语句导入：
1.6以后，推荐使用下面的语句导入：
>>> from osgeo import gdal
当然早期版本也是支持的，但是在使用的时候会产生一个弃用警告：
为了保持兼容性，可以使用下面的语句来导入：
>>> try:
>>> import gdal
>>> except:
>>> from osgeo import gdal
除了gdal包，还有一个gdalconst包最好也导入。 gdalconst也是osgeo的一个包，它只是在代码中对GDAL中用到的一些常量进行了绑定。 其中gdalconst中的常量都加了前缀，力图与其他模块冲突最小。 所以对gdalconst你可以直接这样导入：
>>> from osgeo.gdalconst import *
2.2.2. 驱动¶
要读取某种类型的数据，必须要先载入数据驱动，也就是初始化一个对象，让它“知道”某种数据结构。 可以使用下面语句一次性注册所有的数据驱动，但是只能读不能写：
>>> gdal.AllRegister()
单独注册某一类型的数据驱动，这样的话可以读也可以写，可以新建数据集（这最终还要取决于GDAL是否已经进行了实现）。下面的语句注册了Erdas的栅格数据类型。
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriverByName('HFA')
>>> driver.Register()
7
可以使用下面的语句判断driver是否注册成功。
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriverByName('GeoTiff')
>>> driver == True
False
上面的注册就失败了，因为不存在名称为“GeoTiff”的数据格式（正确的格式为“GTiff”）。
2.2.3. 查看系统支持的数据格式¶
除了使用GetDriverByName()， GDAL还可以使用GetDriver()来获得驱动。 下面的代码获取了系统支持的所有的驱动的名称。
>>> from osgeo import gdal
>>> drv_count = gdal.GetDriverCount()
>>> drv_count
210
>>> for idx in range(drv_count):
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriver(idx)
>>> print( "%10s: %s" % (driver.ShortName, driver.LongName))
VRT: Virtual Raster
DERIVED: Derived datasets using VRT pixel functions
GTiff: GeoTIFF
COG: Cloud optimized GeoTIFF generator
NITF: National Imagery Transmission Format
RPFTOC: Raster Product Format TOC format
ECRGTOC: ECRG TOC format
HFA: Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
SAR_CEOS: CEOS SAR Image
CEOS: CEOS Image
JAXAPALSAR: JAXA PALSAR Product Reader (Level 1.1/1.5)
GFF: Ground-based SAR Applications Testbed File Format (.gff)
ELAS: ELAS
ESRIC: Esri Compact Cache
AIG: Arc/Info Binary Grid
AAIGrid: Arc/Info ASCII Grid
GRASSASCIIGrid: GRASS ASCII Grid
ISG: International Service for the Geoid
SDTS: SDTS Raster
DTED: DTED Elevation Raster
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
JPEG: JPEG JFIF
MEM: In Memory Raster
JDEM: Japanese DEM (.mem)
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
BIGGIF: Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
ESAT: Envisat Image Format
FITS: Flexible Image Transport System
BSB: Maptech BSB Nautical Charts
XPM: X11 PixMap Format
BMP: MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap
DIMAP: SPOT DIMAP
AirSAR: AirSAR Polarimetric Image
RS2: RadarSat 2 XML Product
SAFE: Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product
PCIDSK: PCIDSK Database File
PCRaster: PCRaster Raster File
ILWIS: ILWIS Raster Map
SGI: SGI Image File Format 1.0
SRTMHGT: SRTMHGT File Format
Leveller: Leveller heightfield
Terragen: Terragen heightfield
netCDF: Network Common Data Format
HDF4: Hierarchical Data Format Release 4
HDF4Image: HDF4 Dataset
ISIS3: USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 3)
ISIS2: USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 2)
PDS: NASA Planetary Data System
PDS4: NASA Planetary Data System 4
VICAR: MIPL VICAR file
TIL: EarthWatch .TIL
ERS: ERMapper .ers Labelled
JP2OpenJPEG: JPEG-2000 driver based on OpenJPEG library
L1B: NOAA Polar Orbiter Level 1b Data Set
FIT: FIT Image
GRIB: GRIdded Binary (.grb, .grb2)
RMF: Raster Matrix Format
WCS: OGC Web Coverage Service
WMS: OGC Web Map Service
MSGN: EUMETSAT Archive native (.nat)
RST: Idrisi Raster A.1
GSAG: Golden Software ASCII Grid (.grd)
GSBG: Golden Software Binary Grid (.grd)
GS7BG: Golden Software 7 Binary Grid (.grd)
COSAR: COSAR Annotated Binary Matrix (TerraSAR-X)
TSX: TerraSAR-X Product
COASP: DRDC COASP SAR Processor Raster
R: R Object Data Store
MAP: OziExplorer .MAP
KMLSUPEROVERLAY: Kml Super Overlay
WEBP: WEBP
PDF: Geospatial PDF
Rasterlite: Rasterlite
MBTiles: MBTiles
PLMOSAIC: Planet Labs Mosaics API
CALS: CALS (Type 1)
WMTS: OGC Web Map Tile Service
SENTINEL2: Sentinel 2
MRF: Meta Raster Format
PNM: Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)
DOQ1: USGS DOQ (Old Style)
DOQ2: USGS DOQ (New Style)
PAux: PCI .aux Labelled
MFF: Vexcel MFF Raster
MFF2: Vexcel MFF2 (HKV) Raster
GSC: GSC Geogrid
FAST: EOSAT FAST Format
BT: VTP .bt (Binary Terrain) 1.3 Format
LAN: Erdas .LAN/.GIS
CPG: Convair PolGASP
NDF: NLAPS Data Format
EIR: Erdas Imagine Raw
DIPEx: DIPEx
LCP: FARSITE v.4 Landscape File (.lcp)
GTX: NOAA Vertical Datum .GTX
LOSLAS: NADCON .los/.las Datum Grid Shift
NTv2: NTv2 Datum Grid Shift
CTable2: CTable2 Datum Grid Shift
ACE2: ACE2
SNODAS: Snow Data Assimilation System
KRO: KOLOR Raw
ROI_PAC: ROI_PAC raster
RRASTER: R Raster
BYN: Natural Resources Canada's Geoid
ARG: Azavea Raster Grid format
RIK: Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)
USGSDEM: USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)
GXF: GeoSoft Grid Exchange Format
BAG: Bathymetry Attributed Grid
HDF5: Hierarchical Data Format Release 5
HDF5Image: HDF5 Dataset
NWT_GRD: Northwood Numeric Grid Format .grd/.tab
NWT_GRC: Northwood Classified Grid Format .grc/.tab
ADRG: ARC Digitized Raster Graphics
SRP: Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)
BLX: Magellan topo (.blx)
PostGISRaster: PostGIS Raster driver
SAGA: SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)
XYZ: ASCII Gridded XYZ
HF2: HF2/HFZ heightfield raster
OZI: OziExplorer Image File
CTG: USGS LULC Composite Theme Grid
ZMap: ZMap Plus Grid
NGSGEOID: NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
IRIS: IRIS data (.PPI, .CAPPi etc)
PRF: Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF
EEDAI: Earth Engine Data API Image
EEDA: Earth Engine Data API
DAAS: Airbus DS Intelligence Data As A Service driver
SIGDEM: Scaled Integer Gridded DEM .sigdem
HEIF: ISO/IEC 23008-12:2017 High Efficiency Image File Format
TGA: TGA/TARGA Image File Format
OGCAPI: OGCAPI
STACTA: Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Tiled Assets
STACIT: Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Items
GNMFile: Geographic Network generic file based model
GNMDatabase: Geographic Network generic DB based model
ESRI Shapefile: ESRI Shapefile
MapInfo File: MapInfo File
UK .NTF: UK .NTF
LVBAG: Kadaster LV BAG Extract 2.0
OGR_SDTS: SDTS
S57: IHO S-57 (ENC)
DGN: Microstation DGN
OGR_VRT: VRT - Virtual Datasource
Memory: Memory
CSV: Comma Separated Value (.csv)
NAS: NAS - ALKIS
GML: Geography Markup Language (GML)
GPX: GPX
LIBKML: Keyhole Markup Language (LIBKML)
KML: Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
GeoJSON: GeoJSON
GeoJSONSeq: GeoJSON Sequence
ESRIJSON: ESRIJSON
TopoJSON: TopoJSON
Interlis 1: Interlis 1
Interlis 2: Interlis 2
OGR_GMT: GMT ASCII Vectors (.gmt)
GPKG: GeoPackage
SQLite: SQLite / Spatialite
ODBC:
WAsP: WAsP .map format
PGeo: ESRI Personal GeoDatabase
MSSQLSpatial: Microsoft SQL Server Spatial Database
OGR_OGDI: OGDI Vectors (VPF, VMAP, DCW)
PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL/PostGIS
MySQL: MySQL
OpenFileGDB: ESRI FileGDB
DXF: AutoCAD DXF
CAD: AutoCAD Driver
FlatGeobuf: FlatGeobuf
Geoconcept: Geoconcept
GeoRSS: GeoRSS
VFK: Czech Cadastral Exchange Data Format
PGDUMP: PostgreSQL SQL dump
OSM: OpenStreetMap XML and PBF
GPSBabel: GPSBabel
OGR_PDS: Planetary Data Systems TABLE
WFS: OGC WFS (Web Feature Service)
OAPIF: OGC API - Features
SOSI: Norwegian SOSI Standard
EDIGEO: French EDIGEO exchange format
SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics
Idrisi: Idrisi Vector (.vct)
XLS: MS Excel format
ODS: Open Document/ LibreOffice / OpenOffice Spreadsheet
XLSX: MS Office Open XML spreadsheet
Elasticsearch: Elastic Search
Carto: Carto
AmigoCloud: AmigoCloud
SXF: Storage and eXchange Format
Selafin: Selafin
JML: OpenJUMP JML
PLSCENES: Planet Labs Scenes API
CSW: OGC CSW (Catalog Service for the Web)
VDV: VDV-451/VDV-452/INTREST Data Format
GMLAS: Geography Markup Language (GML) driven by application schemas
MVT: Mapbox Vector Tiles
NGW: NextGIS Web
MapML: MapML
TIGER: U.S. Census TIGER/Line
AVCBin: Arc/Info Binary Coverage
AVCE00: Arc/Info E00 (ASCII) Coverage
GenBin: Generic Binary (.hdr Labelled)
ENVI: ENVI .hdr Labelled
EHdr: ESRI .hdr Labelled
ISCE: ISCE raster
Zarr: Zarr
HTTP: HTTP Fetching Wrapper
上面第4行，直接使用了索引值来获得驱动，而在第5行则打印了驱动的名称。注意到驱动有ShortName与LongName。ShortName与栅格数据格式在GDAL中定义的编码是一致的，而LongName则可以看成是描述性的文字。 对于不同的Linux发行版，以及安装的GDAL的版本与编译选项的不同，上面程序的结果是不一样的。所以一般情况下要避免使用gdal.GetDriver()这个函数来获取驱动。 我使用的系统是Debian Squeeze，返回的驱动的个数是88。
>>> from osgeo import ogr
>>> drv_count = ogr.GetDriverCount()
>>> drv_count
>>>
>>> for idx in range(drv_count):
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriver(idx)
>>> print( "%10s: %s" % (driver.ShortName, driver.LongName))
VRT: Virtual Raster
DERIVED: Derived datasets using VRT pixel functions
GTiff: GeoTIFF
COG: Cloud optimized GeoTIFF generator
NITF: National Imagery Transmission Format
RPFTOC: Raster Product Format TOC format
ECRGTOC: ECRG TOC format
HFA: Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
SAR_CEOS: CEOS SAR Image
CEOS: CEOS Image
JAXAPALSAR: JAXA PALSAR Product Reader (Level 1.1/1.5)
GFF: Ground-based SAR Applications Testbed File Format (.gff)
ELAS: ELAS
ESRIC: Esri Compact Cache
AIG: Arc/Info Binary Grid
AAIGrid: Arc/Info ASCII Grid
GRASSASCIIGrid: GRASS ASCII Grid
ISG: International Service for the Geoid
SDTS: SDTS Raster
DTED: DTED Elevation Raster
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
JPEG: JPEG JFIF
MEM: In Memory Raster
JDEM: Japanese DEM (.mem)
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
BIGGIF: Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
ESAT: Envisat Image Format
FITS: Flexible Image Transport System
BSB: Maptech BSB Nautical Charts
XPM: X11 PixMap Format
BMP: MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap
DIMAP: SPOT DIMAP
AirSAR: AirSAR Polarimetric Image
RS2: RadarSat 2 XML Product
SAFE: Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product
PCIDSK: PCIDSK Database File
PCRaster: PCRaster Raster File
ILWIS: ILWIS Raster Map
SGI: SGI Image File Format 1.0
SRTMHGT: SRTMHGT File Format
Leveller: Leveller heightfield
Terragen: Terragen heightfield
netCDF: Network Common Data Format
HDF4: Hierarchical Data Format Release 4
HDF4Image: HDF4 Dataset
ISIS3: USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 3)
ISIS2: USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 2)
PDS: NASA Planetary Data System
PDS4: NASA Planetary Data System 4
VICAR: MIPL VICAR file
TIL: EarthWatch .TIL
ERS: ERMapper .ers Labelled
JP2OpenJPEG: JPEG-2000 driver based on OpenJPEG library
L1B: NOAA Polar Orbiter Level 1b Data Set
FIT: FIT Image
GRIB: GRIdded Binary (.grb, .grb2)
RMF: Raster Matrix Format
WCS: OGC Web Coverage Service
WMS: OGC Web Map Service
MSGN: EUMETSAT Archive native (.nat)
RST: Idrisi Raster A.1
GSAG: Golden Software ASCII Grid (.grd)
GSBG: Golden Software Binary Grid (.grd)
GS7BG: Golden Software 7 Binary Grid (.grd)
COSAR: COSAR Annotated Binary Matrix (TerraSAR-X)
TSX: TerraSAR-X Product
COASP: DRDC COASP SAR Processor Raster
R: R Object Data Store
MAP: OziExplorer .MAP
KMLSUPEROVERLAY: Kml Super Overlay
WEBP: WEBP
PDF: Geospatial PDF
Rasterlite: Rasterlite
MBTiles: MBTiles
PLMOSAIC: Planet Labs Mosaics API
CALS: CALS (Type 1)
WMTS: OGC Web Map Tile Service
SENTINEL2: Sentinel 2
MRF: Meta Raster Format