使用自定义标记¶
下面是一些使用 用属性标记测试函数
标记测试功能并为运行选择它们¶
您可以使用如下自定义元数据“标记”测试函数：
# content of test_server.py
import pytest
@pytest.mark.webtest
def test_send_http():
pass # perform some webtest test for your app
def test_something_quick():
pass
def test_another():
pass
class TestClass:
def test_method(self):
pass
然后，可以将测试运行限制为仅运行标记为 webtest ：
$ pytest -v -m webtest
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 4 items / 3 deselected / 1 selected
test_server.py::test_send_http PASSED [100%]
===================== 1 passed, 3 deselected in 0.12s ======================
或者反过来，运行除WebTest之外的所有测试：
$ pytest -v -m "not webtest"
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 4 items / 1 deselected / 3 selected
test_server.py::test_something_quick PASSED [ 33%]
test_server.py::test_another PASSED [ 66%]
test_server.py::TestClass::test_method PASSED [100%]
===================== 3 passed, 1 deselected in 0.12s ======================
根据节点ID选择测试¶
您可以提供一个或多个 node IDs 作为只选择指定测试的位置参数。这使得根据模块、类、方法或函数名选择测试变得容易：
$ pytest -v test_server.py::TestClass::test_method
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 1 item
test_server.py::TestClass::test_method PASSED [100%]
============================ 1 passed in 0.12s =============================
您还可以在类上选择：
$ pytest -v test_server.py::TestClass
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 1 item
test_server.py::TestClass::test_method PASSED [100%]
============================ 1 passed in 0.12s =============================
或选择多个节点：
$ pytest -v test_server.py::TestClass test_server.py::test_send_http
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 2 items
test_server.py::TestClass::test_method PASSED [ 50%]
test_server.py::test_send_http PASSED [100%]
============================ 2 passed in 0.12s =============================
注解
节点ID的形式为 module.py::class::method 或 module.py::function . 节点ID控制收集哪些测试，因此 module.py::class 将选择类上的所有测试方法。还为参数化夹具或测试的每个参数创建节点，因此选择参数化测试必须包括参数值，例如。 module.py::function[param] .
当使用运行pytest时，失败测试的节点ID将显示在测试摘要信息中。 -rf 选择权。还可以从 pytest --collectonly .
使用 -k expr 根据测试的名称选择测试¶
2.0/2.3.4 新版功能.
你可以使用 -k 用于指定表达式的命令行选项，该表达式在测试名称上实现子字符串匹配，而不是在标记上实现完全匹配 -m 提供。这使得根据名称选择测试变得容易：
在 5.4 版更改.
表达式匹配现在不区分大小写。
$ pytest -v -k http # running with the above defined example module
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 4 items / 3 deselected / 1 selected
test_server.py::test_send_http PASSED [100%]
===================== 1 passed, 3 deselected in 0.12s ======================
您还可以运行除与关键字匹配的测试以外的所有测试：
$ pytest -k "not send_http" -v
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 4 items / 1 deselected / 3 selected
test_server.py::test_something_quick PASSED [ 33%]
test_server.py::test_another PASSED [ 66%]
test_server.py::TestClass::test_method PASSED [100%]
===================== 3 passed, 1 deselected in 0.12s ======================
或选择“http”和“quick”测试：
$ pytest -k "http or quick" -v
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y -- $PYTHON_PREFIX/bin/python
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collecting ... collected 4 items / 2 deselected / 2 selected
test_server.py::test_send_http PASSED [ 50%]
test_server.py::test_something_quick PASSED [100%]
===================== 2 passed, 2 deselected in 0.12s ======================
你可以使用 and ， or ， not 和括号。
除了测试的名字， -k 还匹配测试父级的名称（通常是文件的名称和它所在的类）、在测试函数上设置的属性、应用于它或其父级的标记以及任何 extra keywords 显式地添加到它或它的父级。
正在注册标记¶
为测试套件注册标记很简单：
# content of pytest.ini
[pytest]
markers =
webtest: mark a test as a webtest.
slow: mark test as slow.
通过在其自己的行中定义每个自定义标记，可以注册多个自定义标记，如上面的示例所示。
您可以询问您的测试套件存在哪些标记-列表中包括我们刚刚定义的 webtest 和 slow 标记：
$ pytest --markers
@pytest.mark.webtest: mark a test as a webtest.
@pytest.mark.slow: mark test as slow.
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(warning): add a warning filter to the given test. see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/warnings.html#pytest-mark-filterwarnings
@pytest.mark.skip(reason=None): skip the given test function with an optional reason. Example: skip(reason="no way of currently testing this") skips the test.
@pytest.mark.skipif(condition, ..., *, reason=...): skip the given test function if any of the conditions evaluate to True. Example: skipif(sys.platform == 'win32') skips the test if we are on the win32 platform. See https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference.html#pytest-mark-skipif
@pytest.mark.xfail(condition, ..., *, reason=..., run=True, raises=None, strict=xfail_strict): mark the test function as an expected failure if any of the conditions evaluate to True. Optionally specify a reason for better reporting and run=False if you don't even want to execute the test function. If only specific exception(s) are expected, you can list them in raises, and if the test fails in other ways, it will be reported as a true failure. See https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference.html#pytest-mark-xfail
@pytest.mark.parametrize(argnames, argvalues): call a test function multiple times passing in different arguments in turn. argvalues generally needs to be a list of values if argnames specifies only one name or a list of tuples of values if argnames specifies multiple names. Example: @parametrize('arg1', [1,2]) would lead to two calls of the decorated test function, one with arg1=1 and another with arg1=2.see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/parametrize.html for more info and examples.
@pytest.mark.usefixtures(fixturename1, fixturename2, ...): mark tests as needing all of the specified fixtures. see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/fixture.html#usefixtures
@pytest.mark.tryfirst: mark a hook implementation function such that the plugin machinery will try to call it first/as early as possible.
@pytest.mark.trylast: mark a hook implementation function such that the plugin machinery will try to call it last/as late as possible.
有关如何添加和使用插件标记的示例，请参见 用于控制测试运行的自定义标记和命令行选项 .
注解
建议显式注册标记，以便：
测试套件中有一个地方定义了标记
通过询问现有标记
pytest --markers输出良好如果使用
--strict-markers选择权。
标记整个类或模块¶
您可以使用 pytest.mark 具有类的decorator将标记应用于其所有测试方法：
# content of test_mark_classlevel.py
import pytest
@pytest.mark.webtest
class TestClass:
def test_startup(self):
pass
def test_startup_and_more(self):
pass
这相当于直接将decorator应用于两个测试函数。
要在模块级别应用标记，请使用 pytestmark 全局变量：
import pytest
pytestmark = pytest.mark.webtest
或多个标记：
pytestmark = [pytest.mark.webtest, pytest.mark.slowtest]
由于遗留原因，在引入类装饰器之前，可以设置 pytestmark 测试类的属性如下：
import pytest
class TestClass:
pytestmark = pytest.mark.webtest
使用参数化标记单个测试¶
使用参数化时，应用标记将使其适用于每个单独的测试。但是，也可以将标记应用于单个测试实例：
import pytest
@pytest.mark.foo
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
("n", "expected"), [(1, 2), pytest.param(1, 3, marks=pytest.mark.bar), (2, 3)]
)
def test_increment(n, expected):
assert n + 1 == expected
在本例中，“foo”标记将应用于三个测试中的每一个，而“bar”标记仅应用于第二个测试。跳过和xfail标记也可以通过这种方式应用，请参见 跳过/xfail，参数化 .
用于控制测试运行的自定义标记和命令行选项¶
插件可以提供自定义标记并基于它实现特定的行为。这是一个自包含的示例，它添加了一个命令行选项和一个参数化的测试函数标记来运行通过命名环境指定的测试：
# content of conftest.py
import pytest
def pytest_addoption(parser):
parser.addoption(
"-E",
action="store",
metavar="NAME",
help="only run tests matching the environment NAME.",
)
def pytest_configure(config):
# register an additional marker
config.addinivalue_line(
"markers", "env(name): mark test to run only on named environment"
)
def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
envnames = [mark.args[0] for mark in item.iter_markers(name="env")]
if envnames:
if item.config.getoption("-E") not in envnames:
pytest.skip("test requires env in {!r}".format(envnames))
使用此本地插件的测试文件：
# content of test_someenv.py
import pytest
@pytest.mark.env("stage1")
def test_basic_db_operation():
pass
以及一个指定不同于测试所需环境的调用示例：
$ pytest -E stage2
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 1 item
test_someenv.py s [100%]
============================ 1 skipped in 0.12s ============================
这里有一个明确说明了需要的环境：
$ pytest -E stage1
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 1 item
test_someenv.py . [100%]
============================ 1 passed in 0.12s =============================
这个 --markers 选项始终为您提供可用标记的列表：
$ pytest --markers
@pytest.mark.env(name): mark test to run only on named environment
@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(warning): add a warning filter to the given test. see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/warnings.html#pytest-mark-filterwarnings
@pytest.mark.skip(reason=None): skip the given test function with an optional reason. Example: skip(reason="no way of currently testing this") skips the test.
@pytest.mark.skipif(condition, ..., *, reason=...): skip the given test function if any of the conditions evaluate to True. Example: skipif(sys.platform == 'win32') skips the test if we are on the win32 platform. See https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference.html#pytest-mark-skipif
@pytest.mark.xfail(condition, ..., *, reason=..., run=True, raises=None, strict=xfail_strict): mark the test function as an expected failure if any of the conditions evaluate to True. Optionally specify a reason for better reporting and run=False if you don't even want to execute the test function. If only specific exception(s) are expected, you can list them in raises, and if the test fails in other ways, it will be reported as a true failure. See https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference.html#pytest-mark-xfail
@pytest.mark.parametrize(argnames, argvalues): call a test function multiple times passing in different arguments in turn. argvalues generally needs to be a list of values if argnames specifies only one name or a list of tuples of values if argnames specifies multiple names. Example: @parametrize('arg1', [1,2]) would lead to two calls of the decorated test function, one with arg1=1 and another with arg1=2.see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/parametrize.html for more info and examples.
@pytest.mark.usefixtures(fixturename1, fixturename2, ...): mark tests as needing all of the specified fixtures. see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/fixture.html#usefixtures
@pytest.mark.tryfirst: mark a hook implementation function such that the plugin machinery will try to call it first/as early as possible.
@pytest.mark.trylast: mark a hook implementation function such that the plugin machinery will try to call it last/as late as possible.
将可调用传递给自定义标记¶
下面是将在下一个示例中使用的配置文件：
# content of conftest.py
import sys
def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
for marker in item.iter_markers(name="my_marker"):
print(marker)
sys.stdout.flush()
自定义标记可以有其参数集，即 args 和 kwargs 属性，通过调用或使用 pytest.mark.MARKER_NAME.with_args . 这两种方法在大多数情况下效果相同。
但是，如果有一个可作为没有关键字参数的单个位置参数调用，则使用 pytest.mark.MARKER_NAME(c) 不会通过 c 作为位置参数，但装饰 c 使用自定义标记（请参见 MarkDecorator ）幸运的是， pytest.mark.MARKER_NAME.with_args 来营救：
# content of test_custom_marker.py
import pytest
def hello_world(*args, **kwargs):
return "Hello World"
@pytest.mark.my_marker.with_args(hello_world)
def test_with_args():
pass
输出如下：
$ pytest -q -s
Mark(name='my_marker', args=(<function hello_world at 0xdeadbeef>,), kwargs={})
.
1 passed in 0.12s
我们可以看到，自定义标记的参数集通过函数扩展 hello_world . 这是创建自定义标记作为可调用的关键区别，它调用 __call__ 在幕后使用 with_args .
从多个地方设置的阅读标记¶
如果您在测试套件中大量使用标记，那么您可能会遇到这样的情况：标记多次应用于测试函数。从插件代码中，您可以读取所有这些设置。例子：
# content of test_mark_three_times.py
import pytest
pytestmark = pytest.mark.glob("module", x=1)
@pytest.mark.glob("class", x=2)
class TestClass:
@pytest.mark.glob("function", x=3)
def test_something(self):
pass
这里我们将标记“glob”应用于同一个测试函数三次。从conftest文件中，我们可以这样读取它：
# content of conftest.py
import sys
def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
for mark in item.iter_markers(name="glob"):
print("glob args={} kwargs={}".format(mark.args, mark.kwargs))
sys.stdout.flush()
让我们在不捕获输出的情况下运行它，看看我们得到了什么：
$ pytest -q -s
glob args=('function',) kwargs={'x': 3}
glob args=('class',) kwargs={'x': 2}
glob args=('module',) kwargs={'x': 1}
.
1 passed in 0.12s
使用pytest标记特定于平台的测试¶
假设您有一个测试套件，它为特定平台标记测试，即 pytest.mark.darwin ， pytest.mark.win32 等等，您也有在所有平台上运行的测试，并且没有特定的标记。如果您现在想要只为特定平台运行测试，可以使用以下插件：
# content of conftest.py
#
import sys
import pytest
ALL = set("darwin linux win32".split())
def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
supported_platforms = ALL.intersection(mark.name for mark in item.iter_markers())
plat = sys.platform
if supported_platforms and plat not in supported_platforms:
pytest.skip("cannot run on platform {}".format(plat))
如果为其他平台指定了测试，则将跳过这些测试。让我们做一个小的测试文件来显示这是怎样的：
# content of test_plat.py
import pytest
@pytest.mark.darwin
def test_if_apple_is_evil():
pass
@pytest.mark.linux
def test_if_linux_works():
pass
@pytest.mark.win32
def test_if_win32_crashes():
pass
def test_runs_everywhere():
pass
然后，您将看到跳过的两个测试和两个按预期执行的测试：
$ pytest -rs # this option reports skip reasons
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 4 items
test_plat.py s.s. [100%]
========================= short test summary info ==========================
SKIPPED [2] conftest.py:12: cannot run on platform linux
======================= 2 passed, 2 skipped in 0.12s =======================
注意，如果通过marker命令行选项指定平台，如下所示：
$ pytest -m linux
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 4 items / 3 deselected / 1 selected
test_plat.py . [100%]
===================== 1 passed, 3 deselected in 0.12s ======================
然后将不运行未标记的测试。因此，这是一种将运行限制到特定测试的方法。
根据测试名称自动添加标记¶
如果您有一个测试套件，其中测试函数名表示某个测试类型，则可以实现一个自动定义标记的钩子，以便您可以使用 -m 选择它。让我们看看这个测试模块：
# content of test_module.py
def test_interface_simple():
assert 0
def test_interface_complex():
assert 0
def test_event_simple():
assert 0
def test_something_else():
assert 0
我们希望动态定义两个标记，并可以在 conftest.py 插件：
# content of conftest.py
import pytest
def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items):
for item in items:
if "interface" in item.nodeid:
item.add_marker(pytest.mark.interface)
elif "event" in item.nodeid:
item.add_marker(pytest.mark.event)
我们现在可以使用 -m option 要选择一组：
$ pytest -m interface --tb=short
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 4 items / 2 deselected / 2 selected
test_module.py FF [100%]
================================= FAILURES =================================
__________________________ test_interface_simple ___________________________
test_module.py:4: in test_interface_simple
assert 0
E assert 0
__________________________ test_interface_complex __________________________
test_module.py:8: in test_interface_complex
assert 0
E assert 0
========================= short test summary info ==========================
FAILED test_module.py::test_interface_simple - assert 0
FAILED test_module.py::test_interface_complex - assert 0
===================== 2 failed, 2 deselected in 0.12s ======================
或同时选择“事件”和“接口”测试：
$ pytest -m "interface or event" --tb=short
=========================== test session starts ============================
platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-6.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
cachedir: $PYTHON_PREFIX/.pytest_cache
rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR
collected 4 items / 1 deselected / 3 selected
test_module.py FFF [100%]
================================= FAILURES =================================
__________________________ test_interface_simple ___________________________
test_module.py:4: in test_interface_simple
assert 0
E assert 0
__________________________ test_interface_complex __________________________
test_module.py:8: in test_interface_complex
assert 0
E assert 0
____________________________ test_event_simple _____________________________
test_module.py:12: in test_event_simple
assert 0
E assert 0
========================= short test summary info ==========================
FAILED test_module.py::test_interface_simple - assert 0
FAILED test_module.py::test_interface_complex - assert 0
FAILED test_module.py::test_event_simple - assert 0
===================== 3 failed, 1 deselected in 0.12s ======================
